Is It Better To Have Clean Or Dirty Hair Before Coloring

Practice of changing the hair color

A hairdresser colors a client's pilus.

Hair coloring, or hair dyeing, is the practice of irresolute the hair color. The chief reasons for this are cosmetic: to cover gray or white hair, to change to a colour regarded as more stylish or desirable, or to restore the original hair color afterward it has been discolored by hairdressing processes or sun bleaching.

Hair coloring tin can exist done professionally past a hairdresser or independently at dwelling house. Today, hair coloring is very popular, with 75% of women^[1] and 18% of men living in Copenhagen having reported using hair dye (according to a report by the Academy of Copenhagen). At-home coloring in the Usa reached $1.9 billion in 2011 and was expected to rise to $2.2 billion by 2016.

History [edit]

Diodorus Siculus, a Greek historian, described in detail how Celtic people dyed their pilus blonde: "Their attribute is terrifying... They are very alpine in stature, with rippling muscles under articulate white skin. Their hair is blond, merely non naturally so: they bleach it, to this twenty-four hours, artificially, washing information technology in lime and combing it back from their foreheads. They look like wood-demons, their hair thick and shaggy like a horse'south mane. Some of them are clean-shaven, but others—specially those of high rank—shave their cheeks but leave a moustache that covers the whole oral fissure...".^{[two] [three]}

The dyeing of pilus is an ancient art that involves treatment of the hair with various chemical compounds. In ancient times, the dyes were obtained from plants.^[4] Some of the nearly well known are henna (Lawsonia inermis), indigo dye, Cassia obovata, senna, turmeric and amla. Others include katam (buxus dioica), black walnut hulls, red ochre and leeks.^[5] In the 1661 volume Eighteen Books of the Secrets of Art & Nature, various methods of coloring pilus black, gilded, light-green, red, yellow, and white are explained.^[6] The development of synthetic dyes for hair is traced to the 1860s discovery of the reactivity of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) with air.^[seven] Eugène Schueller, the founder of L'Oréal, is recognized for creating the first synthetic hair dye in 1907.^[8] In 1947 the German cosmetics house Schwarzkopf launched the first home color product, "Poly Color".^[ix] Pilus dyeing is now a multibillion-dollar industry that involves the use of both plant-derived and synthetic dyes.^[ten]

Application techniques [edit]

Off-scalp [edit]

Hair with blonde highlights

Hair color was traditionally applied to the pilus every bit one overall colour. The modern tendency is to employ several colors to produce streaks or gradations, just not all work on tiptop of a unmarried base color. These are referred to as:

• Highlighting, where sections of pilus are treated with lighteners
• Lowlighting, where sections of hair are treated with darker hair colors
• Splashlighting a horizontal band of bleached hair from ear to ear

There are also newer coloring techniques such equally ombré, shatush, balayage, airtouch, in which hair is night on the crown and bit by bit becomes lighter toward the ends.

These are off-the-scalp techniques, and tin can be applied past the post-obit methods:

• Foiling, where pieces of foil or plastic film are used to dissever the pilus to be colored. Employed peculiarly when more one colour is to be applied, this method ensures that only the desired hair strands are colored, and the rest spared.
• Cap, when a plastic cap is placed tightly on the caput and strands are pulled through with a hook, a method infrequently practiced other than for applying highlights to brusque hair.
• Balayage, where hair color is painted straight onto sections of the pilus with no foils used to keep the color contained, a method growing in popularity due to its observed result of actualization more than natural. The divergence between balayage and ombré is that a balayage requires more than precise mitt-painting sections of pilus and typically costs more.
• Dipping or tip dyeing, similar to balayage in that the color is painted direct on the hair, resulting in a more uniform colour coverage on hair ends.^[xi]

All coloring techniques can be used with whatever type of color. For lightening, the hair sometimes has to be bleached before coloring.

On-scalp [edit]

Hair coloring can besides exist applied on the scalp for a more than solid level of coverage

• Root touch-up, where colour is applied only to the virtually recent section of re-growth (normally the starting time inch of hair nearest the scalp) Root touch-ups are repeated every 4–6 weeks equally the natural color grows in and becomes apparent. People who color their hair to disguise gray frequently take these root touch-ups.
• All-over color, where the person wants all of their pilus to be a different solid colour
• Cake coloring, where the person wants two or more than colors applied to their pilus, resulting in dimension and contrast

All coloring techniques can be used with any type of color. For lightening, the pilus sometimes has to be bleached before coloring.

Types [edit]

The four most common classifications are permanent, demi-permanent (sometimes called eolith merely), semi-permanent, and temporary.^[7]

Permanent [edit]

Permanent hair color generally contains ammonia and must be mixed with a developer or oxidizing agent in order to permanently alter hair colour. Ammonia is used in permanent hair color to open the cuticle layer and then that the programmer and colorants together tin penetrate into the cortex.^[12] The developer, or oxidizing agent, comes in various volumes. The higher the developer volume, the higher the "lift" will be of a person'southward natural pilus pigment. Someone with night hair wishing to achieve ii or 3 shades lighter may need a college developer whereas someone with lighter hair wishing to achieve darker hair will not need one equally high. Timing may vary with permanent hair coloring but is typically thirty minutes or 45 minutes for those wishing to accomplish maximum color alter.

Demi-permanent [edit]

(24±4 shampoos typically) Demi-permanent is hair coloring that contains an alkali metal agent (e.g. ethanolamine, sodium carbonate) other than ammonia, and while ever employed with a programmer, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in that developer may exist lower than used with a permanent pilus color. These products provide almost no lightening of hair's colour during dyeing, since the alkaline agents employed in demi-permanent colors are less effective in removing the natural paint of hair than ammonia. Every bit the result, they cannot color hair to a lighter shade than it was before dyeing and are less dissentious to pilus than their permanent counterpart.

Demi-permanents are much more effective at covering grey hair than semi-permanents, just less so than permanents.

Demi-permanents have several advantages as compared with permanent color. Because there is substantially no lifting (i.e., removal) of natural hair color, the last color is less uniform/homogeneous than a permanent and therefore more than natural looking; they are gentler on pilus and therefore safer, peculiarly for damaged pilus; and they wash out over time (typically xx to 28 shampoos), so root regrowth is less noticeable and if a modify of color is desired, it is easier to achieve. Demi-permanent hair colors are not permanent but the darker shades in item may persist longer than indicated on the bundle.

Semi-permanent [edit]

(6±two shampoos typically) Semi-permanent hair coloring cannot lighten the pilus either; Because information technology involves no developer (hydrogen peroxide) or ammonia, it is thus less dissentious to hair strands than their demi-permanent counterpart.

There will be subtle variations in shade across the entire head, because of hair'south color and porosity along the length of a hair strand. The final color of each strand of hair volition depend on its original colour and porosity. This variation gives a more than natural looking result than the solid all over colour of a permanent. Because gray or white hairs have a different starting color than other hair, they will not appear as the same shade as the residue of the hair when treated with semi-permanent color. If there are only minimal grayness/white hairs, the upshot will ordinarily be enough for them to blend in, but as the grey spreads, there will come a indicate where it will not be disguised as well. In this example, the move to demi-permanent as a base of operations can be used sometimes adding highlights, to filibuster permanent coloring.

Semi-permanent hair color uses compounds of lower molecular weight than are found in temporary pilus color dyes. These dyes are only able to wedge under the cuticle layer of the hair shaft only. For this reason, the color will survive limited washing, typically four–eight shampoos.

Semi-permanents may still comprise the suspected carcinogen p-phenylenediamine (PPD) or other related colorant carcinogens. The U.Due south. Ecology Protection Agency reported chronic exposure to PPD in the diet of rats and mice depressed torso weight of the animals, with no other clinical signs of toxicity observed in several studies.^[13]

Temporary color [edit]

Temporary hair color is bachelor in various forms including rinses, shampoos, gels, sprays, and foams. Temporary hair color is typically brighter and more vibrant than semi-permanent and permanent hair color. Information technology is most frequently used to color hair for special occasions such equally Christmas and Halloween costume parties.

The pigments in temporary hair color are high molecular weight and cannot penetrate the cuticle layer. The colour particles remain adsorbed (closely adherent) to the surface of the hair shaft and are easily removed with a single shampooing. Temporary hair color can persist on hair that is excessively dry or damaged in a way that allows for migration of the pigment to the interior of the hair shaft.

Culling color [edit]

A person'due south hair being colored calorie-free-bluish and his beard being colored dark-blue respectively

Culling hair coloring products are designed to create hair colors non typically constitute in nature. These are likewise referred to as "bright color" in the hairstyling manufacture. The available colors are diverse, such every bit the colors light-green and fuchsia. Permanent alternatives in some colors are bachelor. More than recently, blacklight-reactive hair dyes accept been brought to market that fluoresce under blacklights, such as those often used at nightclubs.

The chemic formulae of alternative color dyes typically contain only tint and have no developer. This means that they volition only create the bright colour of the packet if they are practical to light blond hair. Darker hair (medium brown to black) would need to be bleached in order for these pigment applications to take to the hair desirably. Some types of off-white hair may too take brilliant colors more fully afterward bleaching. Gold, yellowish and orange undertones in pilus that has non been lightened plenty can muddied the last hair color, peculiarly with pink, blue and green dyes. Although some culling colors are semi-permanent, such as blue and purple, information technology could have several months to fully launder the color from bleached or pre-lightened hair.

Hair bleaching [edit]

Hair is given a lighter color by bleaching it. Melanin pigments, which requite pilus a darker colour, tin can exist broken downward with oxidation.^[14] The oxidizing agent used to bleach hair is hydrogen peroxide.^[14] It is mixed with ammonia to create an alkaline solution and to speed up the reaction.^[xiv] When melanin is oxidized, oxygen gas is released.^[xiv]

Products for bleaching one's pilus at domicile normally incorporate a 6% solution of hydrogen peroxide, while products for employ in a hair salon can contain up to 9%.^[14]

Peroxide bleached hair tin can accept undesirable brassy or yellow hue. A product known as a toner is used to slightly change the pilus color's undertones.^[15] Purple shampoo (shampoo with purple coloring agents) tin can besides be used to annul brassy undertones.^[16]

Maintaining hair color [edit]

In that location are many ways that people tin can maintain their hair color, such as:

• Using color-protecting shampoos and conditioners
• Using sulfate-free shampoo
• Using purple shampoos and conditioners to maintain or enhance the blond color in their hair
• Using leave-in treatments with UV absorbents
• Getting deep-conditioning treatments to smooth and add luster
• Fugitive chlorine
• Using heat protecting products before using styling appliances

Agin effects [edit]

Pilus coloring involves the use of chemicals capable of removing, replacing, and/or covering upward pigments naturally constitute inside the pilus shaft. Utilise of these chemicals can effect in a range of adverse effects, including temporary skin irritation and allergy, hair breakage, pare discoloration and unexpected pilus color results. According to the International Bureau for Enquiry on Cancer (IARC), in vitro and in vivo studies (in exposed human populations) accept shown that some hair dyes and many chemicals used in the hair dyeing process can be considered mutagenic and carcinogenic.^{[17] [xviii]}

Skin irritation and allergy [edit]

In certain individuals, the utilize of hair coloring can event in allergic reactions and/or pare irritation. Individuals allergic to gluten for case, will need to be cautious when purchasing pilus color since certain hair dye includes gluten. Gluten does not need to exist ingested for information technology to crusade an allergy. Skin contact with gluten may cause a reaction; therefore, leading to an allergy. Symptoms of these reactions can include redness, sores, itching, burning sensation and discomfort. Symptoms will sometimes not be credible immediately post-obit the awarding and processing of the tint, simply can besides arise later hours or even a mean solar day later.

To help forestall or limit allergic reactions, the majority of hair color products recommend that the customer conduct a patch exam before using the product. This involves mixing a modest quantity of tint preparation and applying it straight to the skin for a period of 48 hours. If irritation develops, manufacturers recommend that the client not use the product.

European dermatologists have, nevertheless, strongly advised against such pre-use testing, as it entails boosted sensitisation (allergy) take chances and the interpretation by lay people may non be sufficiently accurate.^[19]

Skin discoloration [edit]

Pare and fingernails are made of a similar type of keratinized protein every bit pilus. That ways that drips, slips and extra pilus tint effectually the hairline tin consequence in patches of discolored pare. This is more common with darker hair colors and persons with dry absorbent skin. That is why it is recommended that latex or nitrile gloves exist worn to protect the hands.

This discoloration volition disappear every bit the skin naturally renews itself and the top layer of peel is removed (typically takes a few days or at virtually a calendar week). Ways of preventing pare discoloration are to vesture latex or nitrile gloves to protect the hands and too by applying a thin layer of petroleum jelly or oil-based preparation around the hairline. Gentle abrasives such as moist baking soda or a small corporeality of toothpaste applied with a toothbrush may too assist remove the uppermost layer of skin and dye (neither removes simply the dye). Acetone and nail polish remover are not considered effective; laundry detergent may sometimes work as may moist cigarette ash rubbed into the stained area.^[xx]

Unintended results [edit]

Several factors influence the terminal colour of the hair post-obit the coloring procedure.

• For semi-permanent and demi-permanent color, the final color is a blend of the natural color of the hair and the dye colour.
• Bleached pilus volition often require pre-pigmentation before a colour awarding. Dyeing bleached hair brownish can outcome in grayness or very ashy (grey sheen) hair.
• Previously color treated pilus can react unpredictably with subsequent color treatments.
• Previous use of shampoos which deposit a layer of plastic on the hair tin can block the action of the dye.
• Presence of minerals, salts, chlorine or other contaminants in the water used in the coloring procedure
• Certain prescription drugs can modify pilus chemistry
• Coloring dark hair to achieve a desirable shade of blond requires bleaching, followed past a secondary color treatment. Bleached hair can still have a yellowish or coppery shade. A violet-based color can cancel out yellow tones, and a blueish-based shade will cancel out coppery orange.
• Porosity of hair can touch the final shade. Porous pilus oft absorbs more color, which sometimes results darker than expected

Health concerns [edit]

• The salt pb acetate (formerly the active ingredient in gradual darkening products such as Grecian formula) is toxic.^{[21] [22] [23]} Lead acetate trihydrate has also been shown to cause reproductive toxicity.^[24]
• Articles link the development of some forms of cancer (including leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, bladder cancer, blood cancer, and multiple myeloma) with use of hair colour.^{[25] [26]} More than specifically, prolonged use of permanent night hair dyes tin double a person's risk of getting some types of blood cancer.^[27]
• In 2004 a known human carcinogen, iv-aminobiphenyl or 4-ABP, was found in some commercial hair dyes.^[27] However, show is express and inconsistent for the link betwixt cancer from hair dye.^[28]
• Phenylenediamine is known to cause health concerns, such as pare irritation. Exposure to phenylenediamine can occur during manufacturing or during the use of pilus dyes. According to the Product Safety Summary Sail by DuPont, Para-Phenyenediamine (PPD) is labeled every bit toxic and can cause agin effects on aquatic organisms and could cause long-term effects in aquatic environments.^[29]

In October 2017, the leading breast surgeon Professor Kefah Mokbel published a meta-assay showing that use of pilus dyes might increment the risk of developing breast cancer past 20% among users.^[30]

Chemistry of permanent hair coloring [edit]

Permanent hair coloring requires three components: (1) 1,4-diaminobenzene (historically) or 2,5-diaminotoluene (currently), (ii) a coupling agent, and (3) an oxidant. The process is typically performed under bones conditions. The machinery of oxidation dyes involves three steps:^[7] ane) Oxidation of 1,4-diaminobenzene derivative to the quinone state. 2) Reaction of this diimine with a coupler compound (more than detail beneath). iii) Oxidation of the resulting compound to give the concluding dye.

The preparation (dye precursors) is in the leuco (colorless) form. Oxidizing agents are usually hydrogen peroxide, and the alkali metal surroundings is commonly provided by ammonia. The combination of hydrogen peroxide and ammonia causes the natural pilus to be lightened, providing a "blank canvass" for the dye. Ammonia opens the pilus shaft pores so that the dye tin actually diffuse inside the fiber. These dye intermediates and coupler compounds tin undergo oxidation and coupling reaction equally shown in the scheme below to grade high molecular weight products, which are trapped in the hair matrix and cannot be readily removed through washing.

Various combinations of primary intermediates and coupler compounds provide a spectrum of shades of pilus colors. The master intermediates are aromatic para compounds, such as 1,4-diaminobenzene or four-aminophenol. The coupler compounds (couplers) are meta-substituted derivatives of aniline. They come in iii major classes based on the colour that they produce when they react with the principal intermediate.

Couplers are chemic compounds that define the color of the hair dye. Shown hither are three red couplers (A, B, C), 2 yellow-green couplers (D, Eastward) and a blue coupler (F).

• Blue couplers include 1,three-diaminobenzene and its derivatives.
• Red couplers include phenols and naphthols, such every bit 3-aminophenol (CAS#591-27-5), five-amino-2-methylphenol (CAS#2835-95-2) and i-naphthol (CAS#ninety-15-iii). The combination of 2,5-diaminotoluene with the coupler 3-aminophenol gives a magenta-dark-brown dye, while the combination of ii,5-diaminotoluene with the coupler ane-naphthol gives a regal dye.
• Yellow-green couplers include resorcinol, four-chlororesorcinol, and benzodioxoles. These compounds produce wide-ring absorption when they react to form dyes, assuasive for more natural-looking hair colors. The combination of 2,5-diaminotoluene with the coupler resorcinol gives a greenish brown dye.

The first step shows the oxidation of p-phenylenediamine to the quinonediimine (C_sixH₄(NH)₂):

This species exists in equilibrium with the monoprotonated form (C_half-dozenH₄(NH)(NH_ii)⁺) (not shown). The second stride involves the assault of this quinonediimine on the coupler. In organic chemistry, this reaction is called electrophilic aromatic substitution:

In the 3rd and terminal footstep, the product from the quinonediimine-coupler reaction oxidizes to the final hair dye.

It was in one case believed that the dye forms in the above reaction bonds to hair permanently.^[7] It was later shown that the main reason that this reaction imparts a permanent colour on hair is that it produces larger dye molecules, which is locked inside the hair.^[31]

Plant-based dyes [edit]

Henna is an orange dye commonly used equally a deposit-only hair colour whose agile component, lawsone, binds to keratin. It is therefore considered semi-permanent to permanent, depending on a person's hair type. About people will achieve a permanent color from henna, especially after the 2d dye. With repeated employ the orange color builds up into ruby and so auburn. While "natural" henna is generally a ruby colour, variations exist. These variations normally contain ingredients from other plants and even synthetic dyes.

Indigo is natural dye from a found (Indigofera tinctoria, I. suffructicosa, or I. arrecta) that can exist added to henna or layered on top of it to create brown to black colors in the hair. Henna is orangish, and indigo is blue, and then equally complementaries on a standard colour wheel, the two colors' combined effect is to create brown tones. Like henna, indigo may fade after 1 application, just it becomes permanent on the pilus with repeated use.

Using a institute-based color such as henna can cause issues subsequently when trying to practise a perm or permanent hair color. Some store-bought henna contains metallic salts which reacts to hydrogen peroxide that is used in hair lightening. This may lead to unpredictable results, such as green or blue tones in the hair. Henna is a healthy mode to color hair, as long as no metallic salts are used.

In 2018, a system for making semi-permanent pilus dyes from renewable waste blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) fruit skins from the fruit pressing industry was adult. Anthocyanin pigments were extracted from the blackcurrant skin waste material^[32] and formulated into hair dyes. The dyes showed high buildup on hair and gave an intense blueish color, which was stable to multiple washes.^[33]

Legal restrictions [edit]

Hair dyes are cosmetic compounds that brand contact with the pare during application. Considering of this peel contact, at that place exists some wellness risk associated with use of hair dyes.^[34] Thus, pilus dyes are regulated in the commercial marketplace and, every bit new toxicity data is generated for some hair dyes and health risks are discovered, some of these pilus dyes are beingness legally restricted from the cosmetic marketplace.

The European Union is particularly stringent with regard to health regulations. To ensure that pilus dyes contain only safe substances, the European Commission adopted the Directive 2012/21/EU to restrict the employ of around 45 chemicals in pilus dyes.^[35] The directive on dyes is role of a general and comprehensive set of regulations, the EU Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EC.

Religion [edit]

For Muslims, if a man is not of advanced age, in that location is no impairment in his using black dye. Some of the early Muslims, including some sahabah, permitted the utilize of black dye.^[36] As narrated in a hadith, the best thing with which to dye gray pilus is henna and katam (a plant from Republic of yemen which colors it black tinged with red).

See also [edit]

• Human being physical appearance
• Hairstyle
• Hair highlighting
• Punk fashion
• Chapatsu

References [edit]

1. ^ Vedel-Krogh, Signe; Nielsen, Sune F.; Schnohr, Peter; Nordestgaard, Børge G. (2016). "Morbidity and Mortality in seven,684 Women Co-ordinate to Personal Pilus Dye Use: The Copenhagen City Eye Study followed for 37 Years". PLOS Ane. xi (3): e0151636. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1151636V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151636. PMC4795553. PMID 26986063.
2. ^ "The Celts". www.ibiblio.org . Retrieved 27 March 2018.
3. ^ "Diodorus Siculus, Library of History - Exploring Celtic Civilizations". exploringcelticciv.web.unc.edu . Retrieved 27 March 2018.
4. ^ Corbett, J. F. Hair Colorants: Chemistry and Toxicology; Micelle Printing: Dorset, U.K., 1998; Thompson, R. H. "Naturally Occurring Quinones" Bookish Printing: New York, 1957.
5. ^ BBC. "BBC - Radio 4 Woman's 60 minutes -The History of Hair Dye".
6. ^ Wecker, Johann Jacob (1661). Eighteen Books of the Secrets of Art & Nature. pp. 82–84.
7. ^ ^{a b c d} "Hair Preparations," Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2006). doi:10.1002/14356007.a12_571.pub2
8. ^ Pointer, Sally (May 1, 2005). The Artifice of Beauty: A History and Practical Guide to Perfume and Cosmetics. The History Press. ISBN978-0750938877.
9. ^ "Schwarzkopf >COMPANY >History Milestones of success". Archived from the original on 2015-02-17. Retrieved 2015-01-14 .
10. ^ Morel, Olivier J. Ten.; Christie, Robert K. (2011). "Electric current Trends in the Chemical science of Permanent Hair Dyeing". Chemical Reviews. 111 (4): 2537–2561. doi:x.1021/cr1000145. PMID 21265503.
11. ^ Wilson, Cynthia (vi August 2012). "Dip-Dye Hair Coloring Tutorial and Styles". Womenio. Retrieved vi October 2012.
12. ^ "Hair Color 101: Permanent Hair Color from Clairol Professional". www.clairolpro.com . Retrieved 2015-x-26 .
13. ^ p-Phenylenediamine, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
14. ^ ^{a b c d eastward} Zoe Diana Draelos (29 December 2004). Pilus Intendance: An Illustrated Dermatologic Handbook. CRC Press. pp. 132–. ISBN978-0-203-31424-ane.
15. ^ "Hair Toner 101: Everything Yous Need to Know". John Frieda . Retrieved 2021-03-03 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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17. ^ "IARC working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: occupational exposures of hairdressers and barbers and personal use of hair colorants; some hair dyes, cosmetic colorants, industrial dyestuffs and aromatic amines. Proceedings. Lyon, France, 6-13 Oct 1992". IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 57: 7–398. 1993. PMC7681392. PMID 7911535.
18. ^ IARC Monographs Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to, Humans (2010). "Some aromatic amines, organic dyes, and related exposures". IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans / World Health System, International Agency for Research on Cancer. 99: 1–658. PMC5046080. PMID 21528837.
19. ^ Thyssen, Jacob P.; Søsted, Heidi; Uter, Wolfgang; Schnuch, Axel; Giménez-Arnau, Ana M.; Vigan, Martine; Rustemeyer, Thomas; Granum, Berit; McFadden, John; White, Jonathan Thou.; White, Ian R.; Goossens, Ann; Menné, Torkil; Lidén, Carola; Johansen, Jeanne D. (2012). "Self-testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes - scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry-led screening programme". Contact Dermatitis. 66 (six): 300–311. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2012.02078.x. PMID 22568836. S2CID 10022501.
20. ^ Alexandra Tunell, How to Get Hair Dye off Your Skin, Harper's Bazaar, Oct 2, 2016
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22. ^ Riaz, Almas (29 May 2016). "Shampoo for colour treated hair". Tune Your Pilus. The Hair Laboratory. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
23. ^ Tukker, Arnold; Buijst, Harrie; Van Oers, Lauren; Van Der Voet, Ester (2001). "Risks to Health and the Surround Related to the Use of Lead in Products" (PDF).
24. ^ Lamb, James (Feb 1997). "Reproductive toxicology. Lead acetate trihydrate". Environ Health Perspect. 105: 315–316. doi:10.2307/3433461. JSTOR 3433461. PMC1470238. PMID 9114341.
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26. ^ DeNoon, Daniel J. (January 26, 2004). "Pilus Dye Linked to Blood Cancer: Long-Term Use of Dark, Permanent Dye May Heighten Lymphoma Gamble". Web MD. Retrieved 2007-07-29 .
27. ^ ^{a b} Hair Dye Linked to Claret Cancer. Webmd.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-21.
28. ^ Hair Dyes and Cancer Risk – National Cancer Found. Cancer.gov (2009-10-09). Retrieved on 2010-12-21.
29. ^ "Product Condom Summary Sheet DuPont™ P-Phenylenediamine. Rep. no. 106-50-iii. N.p.: n.p., 2012".
30. ^ Gera, R.; Mokbel, R.; Igor, I.; Mokbel, Chiliad. (2018). "Does the Employ of Hair Dyes Increase the Run a risk of Developing Breast Cancer? A Meta-analysis and Review of the Literature". Anticancer Research. 38 (2): 707–716. doi:10.21873/anticanres.12276. PMID 29374694.
31. ^ Alexander Chan, Sean Kung, (September, 2006), "Hair Colorant Technology Advances Further", Personal Intendance, p. 11-16
32. ^ Farooque, Sannia; Rose, Paul Thou.; Benohoud, Meryem; Blackburn, Richard S.; Rayner, Christopher M. (2018). "Enhancing the Potential Exploitation of Food Waste: Extraction, Purification, and Label of Renewable Specialty Chemicals from Blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum L.)" (PDF). J. Agric. Food Chem. 66 (46): 12265–12273. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04373. PMID 30412401.
33. ^ Rose, Paul G.; Cantrill, Victoria; Benohoud, Meryem; Tidder, Alenka; Rayner, Christopher K.; Blackburn, Richard S. (2018). "Application of Anthocyanins from Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) Fruit Waste material as Renewable Hair Dyes" (PDF). J. Agric. Food Chem. 66 (26): 6790–6798. doi:ten.1021/acs.jafc.8b01044. PMID 29808681.
34. ^ Maiti, Swati; Sinha, Sudarson; Singh, Mukesh (2015). "Hair Dye–Dna Interaction: Plausible Crusade of Mutation". Cosmetics. 2 (4): 313–321. doi:10.3390/cosmetics2040313.
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36. ^ al-Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf (30 January 1999). The lawful and the prohibited in Islam : al-Halal wal-haram fil Islam. American Trust Publications. p. 93. ISBN9780892590162.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_coloring

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